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Le at the end of the article?2014 Bollati et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.Bollati et al. BMC Public Health 2014, 14:1137 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/14/Page 2 of(Continued from previous page)Discussion: SPHERE is the first large study aimed to explore EVs as a novel potential mechanism of how air pollution exposure acts in a highly susceptible population. The rigorous study design, the availability of banked biological samples and the potential to 4-((2-Hydroxyethyl)(methyl)amino)benzaldehyde integrate epidemiological, clinical and molecular data will also furnish a powerful base for investigating different complementary molecular mechanisms. Our findings, if confirmed, could lead to the identification of potentially reversible alterations that might be considered as possible targets for new diagnostic and therapeutic interventions. Keywords: Particulate matter, Obesity, Cardiovascular effects, Extracellular vesicles, Exosomes, Microvesicles, miRNAsBackground Air pollution is a major health concern which accounts for 3.7 million global deaths annually, according to World Health Organization (WHO) estimates [1]. Numerous health studies have shown acute [2-7] and chronic [8-10] particulate air pollution exposures to be associated with early death, particularly from cardiovascular and respiratory diseases [3,10,11]. Metals, which are constituents of particulate air pollution, have been shown to be associated with cardiovascular diseases (CVD) as well [12-31]. Epidemiological and animal studies have suggested many potential mechanisms by which particles may impact health. Airway or parenchymal inflammatory responses to particulate matter (PM) have been hypothesized to be the inciting events of a cascade of pathophysiologic changes in autonomic cardiac, systemic inflammatory, and haemostatic activities. All these processes may ultimately lead to the acute events associated with PM exposure [32]. One of the most important gaps in our current knowledge regarding PM-related health effects is the identification of (R)-1-(3-Chlorophenyl)ethan-1-ol susceptible subjects [33]. Recent research findings pointed out obesity as a susceptibility factor to the adverse effects of PM exposure partly due to an increase in particle absorption PubMed ID:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17591728 [34]. A positive correlation between exhaled nitric oxide, a marker of pulmonary inflammation, and Body Mass Index (BMI) has been shown in healthy adults [35]. BMI was associated with a graded increase in the estimated total lung dose of deposited fine particles in an inhalation study of healthy children (6?3 years of age) [36]. In a panel study of 44 senior citizens, vascular inflammatory response (measured by C-reactive protein) PubMed ID:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14445666 to ambient levels of PM2.5 (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter 2.5 m) averaged over 1? days was greater in obese (BMI 30 kg/ m2) than in non-obese subjects [37]. Moreover, a differential autonomic cardiac response (measured as heart rate variability) to metal particulates has been observed between obese and non-obese individuals [33]. The mechanisms linking PM exposure and CVD have not yet been fu.

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